Explain the difference between causation and correlation? What is a spurious
relationship? Consider the following examples to consider. For each, assume that a
researcher has found covariation between two variables, X and Y. Can you think of a
third variable, Z, that might make the relationship between X and Y spurious? Share
your alternative explanations.
Example 1: The more firefighters (X) that go to a house fire, the greater the property
damage that results (Y).
Example 2: Teens who listen to music with sexual lyrics (X) become sexually active at
a younger age (Y) than teens who listen to other types of music.
Example 3: The more money spent by an incumbent member of Congress’s
campaign (X), the lower their percentage of the vote (Y).
Make up your own example of a spurious political relationship.
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Why are experimental designs generally better for making causal inference than
non-experimental designs? Why do political science research questions so often
have to rely on non-experimental designs?
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