\u201cOn a comparison of cases for the purposes of [indirect, discrimination] there must be no material difference between the circumstances relating to each case.\u201d(b) Choosing the appropriate analytical model<\/p>\n
There are five established models available: (a) intrinsically liable; (b) considerable difference; (c) small but persistent difference; (d) the four-fifths rule; and (e) the probability of chance.<\/p>\n
(3) Causation
\nO\u2019Flynn v Chief Adjudication Officer (above)<\/p>\n
(4) The Defence of Objective Justification
\n(a) The meaning of the justification defence
\nBilka-Kaufhaus v Weber von Hartz Case 170\/84, [1987] ICR 110 (ECJ)
\n(i) legitimate aim, and
\n(ii) thatthe means of achieving that aim are appropriate
\n(iii) and necessary.<\/p>\n
(c) Examples of the Defence
\n(i) Part-time workers and family responsibilities<\/p>\n
Home Office v Holmes [1984] ICR 678 (EAT). See also Greater Glasgow Health Board v Carey [1987] IRLR 484 (EAT); Hardys v Lax [2005] ICR 1565 (CA);<\/p>\n
London Underground v Edwards (No 2) [1997] IRLR 157 (EAT)<\/p>\n
(ii) Testing and educational qualifications
\nGriggs v Duke Power 401 US 424 (S Ct 1971) at 432<\/p>\n
(iii) Physical and health & safety justifications<\/p>\n
(iv) Appearance<\/p>\n
Noah v Desrosiers t\/a Wedge (13 Jun 2008; ET\/2201867\/07)<\/p>\n
(v) Social policy justifications<\/p>\n
R v Secretary of State for Employment, ex parte Seymour-Smith Case C-167\/97, [1999] ICR 447, ECJ, [69]-[77].<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u201cOn a comparison of cases for the purposes of [indirect, discrimination] there must be no material difference between the circumstances relating to each case.\u201d(b) Choosing the appropriate analytical model There are five established models available: (a) intrinsically liable; (b) considerable Read More …<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-94906","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benedictsol.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/94906","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benedictsol.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benedictsol.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benedictsol.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benedictsol.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=94906"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.benedictsol.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/94906\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benedictsol.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=94906"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benedictsol.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=94906"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benedictsol.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=94906"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}