Engineering Disasters<\/p>\n
APA Formatting and Style Guide
\nPurdue OWL staff Brought to you in cooperation with the Purdue Online Writing Lab
\nThe American Psychological Association (APA) citation style is the most commonly used format for manuscripts in the social sciences.
\nAPA regulates: \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Stylistics \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd In-text citations \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd References
\nWhat is APA Style?
\nPersonal pronouns where appropriate
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd: \ufffd\ufffd\ufffdWe conducted an experiment\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd: \ufffd\ufffd\ufffdThe authors conducted an experiment\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd.\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd
\nActive voice rather than passive voice
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd: \ufffd\ufffd\ufffdWe asked participants questions.\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd: \ufffd\ufffd\ufffdThe participants have been asked questions by the researchers.\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd
\nPoint of View &Voice
\nLanguage in an APA paper should be:
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Clear: be specific in descriptions and explanations
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Concise: condense information when you can
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Plain: use simple, descriptive adjectives and minimize figurative language
\nLanguage
\nThe Literature Review: \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Summarizes scientific literature on a particular research topic
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Includes: \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd a title page, \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd introduction, and \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd a list of references
\nTypes of APA Papers
\nThe Experimental Report: \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Describes your experimental research
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Includes: \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd a title page, \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd abstract, \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd introduction, \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd methods, results, and discussion sections, \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd a list of references, \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd appendices, \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd tables, and \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd figures
\nTypes of APA Papers
\nIf your paper fits neither category:
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdFollow the general format
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdConsult the instructor
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdConsult the APA Publication Manual
\nTypes of APA Papers
\nYour essay should: \ufffd\ufffd\ufffdbe typed, \ufffd\ufffd\ufffddouble-spaced, \ufffd\ufffd\ufffdhave 1\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd margins, \ufffd\ufffd\ufffduse 10-12pt. Standard font (ex. Times New Roman), and \ufffd\ufffd\ufffdbe printed on standard-sized paper (8.5\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdx 11\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd)
\n[Note: If you are writing a manuscript draft, APA suggests using two spaces between sentences to aid readability (see pp.87-88 in the APA manual).]
\nGeneral APA Format
\nEvery page of your essay should: \ufffd\ufffd\ufffdInclude a page header (Title, all caps) in the upper left- hand corner and \ufffd\ufffd\ufffdthe page number in the upper right
\nGeneral APA Format
\nYour essay should include four major sections:
\nReferences
\nMain Body
\nAbstract
\nTitle page
\nGeneral APA Format
\nTitle: (in the upper half of the page, centered) name (no title or degree) + affiliation (university, etc.)
\nPage header: (use Insert Page Header) title flush left + page number flush right.
\nTitle Page
\nPage header: do NOT include \ufffd\ufffd\ufffdRunning head:\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd
\nAbstract: centered, at the top of the page
\nWrite a 150- to 250- word summary of your paper in an accurate, concise, and specific manner.
\nAbstract Page
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Number the first text page as page number 3
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Type and center the title of the paper at the top of the page
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Type the text double-spaced with all sections following each other without a break
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Identify the sources you use in the paper in parenthetical, in-text citations
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Format tables and figures
\nMain Body (Text)
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Center the title (References) at the top of the page. Do not bold it.
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Double-space reference entries
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Flush left the first line of the entry and indent subsequent lines
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Order entries alphabetically by the surname of the first author of each work
\nReference Page
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Invert authors\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd names (last name first followed by initials)
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd EX:\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdSmith, J.Q.\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize<\/p>\n
the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word.
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd EX: The perfectly formatted paper: How the Purdue OWL saved my essay.
\nReferences: Basics
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Capitalize all major words in journal titles
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections
\nReferences: Basics
\nAPA is a complex system of citation. When compiling the reference list, the strategy below might be useful:
\n1. Identify the type of source: Is it a book? A journal article? A webpage?
\n2. Find a sample citation for this type of source Check a textbook or the OWL APA Guide: http:\/\/owl.english.purdue.edu\/owl\/resource\/560\/01\/
\n3. \ufffd\ufffd\ufffdMirror\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd the sample
\n4. Make sure that the entries are listed in alphabetical order and that the subsequent lines are indented (Recall References: Basics)
\nMaking the Reference List
\nIn-text citations help readers locate the cited source in the References section of the paper.
\nWhenever you use a source, provide in parenthesis: \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd the author\ufffd\ufffd\ufffds name and the date of publication
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd for quotations and close paraphrases, provide the author\ufffd\ufffd\ufffds name, date of publication, and a page number
\nIn-text Citation: Basics
\nWhen quoting: \ufffd\ufffd\ufffdIntroduce the quotation with a signal phrase
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdInclude the author\ufffd\ufffd\ufffds name, year of publication, and page number
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdKeep the citation brief\ufffd\ufffd\ufffddo not repeat the information
\nIn-Text Citation: Quotations
\nProvide the author\ufffd\ufffd\ufffds last name and the year of publication in parenthesis after a summary or a paraphrase.
\nIn-Text Citation: Summary or Paraphrase
\nInclude the author\ufffd\ufffd\ufffds name in the signal phrase, followed by the year of publication in parenthesis.
\nIn-Text Citation: Summary or Paraphrase
\nWhen including the quotation in a summary\/paraphrase, also provide a page number in parenthesis after the quotation:
\nIn-Text Citation: Summary or Paraphrase
\nIntroduce quotations with signal phrases, e.g.:
\nAccording to Xavier (2008), \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd.\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd (p. 3).
\nXavier (2008) argued that \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd (p. 3).
\nUse such signal verbs such as:
\nacknowledged, contended, maintained, responded, reported, argued, concluded, etc.
\nUse the past tense or the present perfect tense of verbs in signal phrases when they discuss past events.
\nIn-Text Citation: Signal Words
\nWhen the parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them in the same way they appear in the reference list\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdthe author\ufffd\ufffd\ufffds name, the year of publication\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<\/p>\n
separated by a semi- colon.
\nIn-Text Citation: Two or More Works
\nWhen citing a work with two authors, use In the signal phrase, use \ufffd\ufffd\ufffdand\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd in between the authors\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd names
\nIn parenthesis, use \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd&\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd between names
\nIn-Text Citation: Works with Two Authors
\nWhen citing a work with three to five authors, identify all authors in the signal phrase or in parenthesis.
\n(Harklau, Siegal, & Losey, 1999)
\nIn subsequent citations, only use the first author’s last name followed by “et al.” in the signal phrase or in parentheses.
\n(Harklau et al., 1993)
\nIn-Text Citation: Works with 3-5 Authors
\nWhen citing a work with six and more authors, identify the first author\ufffd\ufffd\ufffds name followed by \ufffd\ufffd\ufffdet al.\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd
\nSmith et al. (2006) maintained that\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd.
\n(Smith et al., 2006)
\nIn-Text Citation: Works with 6+ Authors
\nWhen citing a work of unknown author: \ufffd\ufffd\ufffduse the source\ufffd\ufffd\ufffds full title in the signal phrase \ufffd\ufffd\ufffdcite the first word of the title followed by the year of publication in<\/p>\n
parenthesis.
\nAccording to \ufffd\ufffd\ufffdIndiana Joins Federal Accountability System\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd (2008) OR (\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdIndiana,\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd 2008)
\nTitles: Articles and Chapters = \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Books and Reports = italicize
\nIn-Text Citation: Unknown Author
\nWhen citing an organization:
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdmention the organization the first time you cite the source in the signal phrase or the parenthetical citation.
\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdIf the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later<\/p>\n
citations.
\nIn-Text Citation: Organization
\nWhen citing authors with the same last names, use first initials with the last names.
\n(B. Kachru, 2005; Y. Kachru, 2008)
\nWhen citing two or more works by the same author and published in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) after the year of publication to order the<\/p>\n
references.
\nSmith\ufffd\ufffd\ufffds (1998a) study of adolescent immigrants\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd
\nIn-Text Citation: Same Last Name\/Author
\nWhen citing interviews, letters, e-mails, etc., include the communicator\ufffd\ufffd\ufffds name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication.
\nDo not include personal communication in the reference list.
\nIn-Text Citation: Personal Communication
\nWhen citing an electronic document, whenever possible, cite it in the author-date style. If electronic source lacks page numbers, locate and identify paragraph<\/p>\n
number\/paragraph heading.
\nIn-Text Citation: Electronic Sources
\nAPA uses a system of five heading levels
\nAPA Headings
\nLevel Format 1 Centered, Boldfaced, Upper & Lowercase Headings 2 Left-aligned, Boldface, Upper & Lowercase Headings 3 Indented, boldface, lowercase heading with a<\/p>\n
period. 4 Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase heading with period. 5 Indented, italicized, lowercase heading with a period.
\nHeadings
\nHere is an example of the five-level heading system:
\nHeadings
\nLabel tables with an Arabic numeral and provide a title. The label and title appear on separate lines above the table, flush-left and single-spaced.
\nCite a source in a note below the table.
\nTable 1 Internet users in Europe Country Regular Users France 9 ml Note: The data are adapted from \ufffd\ufffd\ufffdThe European Union and Russia\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd (2007). Retrieved from<\/p>\n
http:\/\/epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu
\nTables
\nLabel figures with an Arabic numeral and provide a title. The label and the title appear on the same line below the figure, flush-left .
\nYou might provide an additional title centered above the figure.
\nCite the source below the label and the title.
\nFigure 1. Internet users in Europe. Adapted from The European Union and Russia: Statistical comparison by Eurostat Statistical Books, 2007, Retrieved from<\/p>\n
http:\/\/epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu
\nFigures
\nThe Purdue OWL: http:\/\/owl.english.purdue.edu
\nThe Purdue Writing Lab @ HEAV 226
\nComposition textbooks
\nPublication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed.
\nAPA\ufffd\ufffd\ufffds website: http:\/\/www.apastyle.org
\nAdditional Resources
\nThe End
\nAPA Formatting and Style Guide
\nBrought to you in cooperation with the Purdue Online Writing Lab<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Engineering Disasters APA Formatting and Style Guide Purdue OWL staff Brought to you in cooperation with the Purdue Online Writing Lab The American Psychological Association (APA) citation style is the most commonly used format for manuscripts in the social sciences. Read More …<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5430","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benedictsol.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5430","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benedictsol.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benedictsol.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benedictsol.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benedictsol.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5430"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.benedictsol.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5430\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benedictsol.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5430"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benedictsol.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5430"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benedictsol.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5430"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}