1
\nIntroduction to Technical Writing
\nReading Based Expanded Definitions \u2013 District Heating
\nDistrict Heating
\nDistrict heating is perhaps the best solution for distributing heat for residential and commercial heating
\nrequirements. It involves the generation and distribution of heat, or thermal energy, at the community
\nlevel rather than on a building-specific basis. In other words, instead of having on-site infrastructure,
\ncumbersome boilers, and costly maintenance concerns, buildings are able to connect to an external
\nnetwork that delivers reliable heating and cooling. Not only does District Heating offer excellent
\nopportunities for reducing environmental pollution, but it also helps to save energy. It is an extremely
\nflexible technology, and can make use of any fuel.<\/p>\n
District heating traces its roots to the hot water-heated baths and greenhouses of the ancient Roman
\nEmpire. These systems gained prominence in Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, with one
\nsystem in France in continuous operation since the 14th century. Although these and numerous other
\nsystems have operated in Europe over the centuries, the first commercially successful district heating
\nsystem in North America wasn\u2019t launched until 1877. American hydraulic engineer Birdsill Holly
\nlaunched a district heating system in Lockport, New York.<\/p>\n
Although the technology has matured over the centuries, it still relies on an old system of resource
\nsharing. The heat is generated centrally. Great vats of water are heated in a power plant, and although
\nthese plants often burn fossil fuels, geothermal heating, central solar heating, and nuclear power are
\nalso being used. The heat travels via hot water or steam and is distributed to the customers via a
\nnetwork of pipes that circulate right into the structures being heated. District heating systems thus
\nprovide significantly higher efficiencies and better pollution control than localized boilers.
\nAfter the water is heated to near-boiling, it is fed into a network of pipes, a system of feed lines and
\nreturn lines. The feed pipes take the heated water from the power station to the geographic area or
\ndistrict being heated. Generally, the pipes are installed underground, under the roads and sidewalks.
\nSmaller offshoot pipes, fitted into these feed pipes, take the water directly into the individual dwellings.
\nAt the customer level, each residence is connected to the district heating network by heat exchangers,
\ndevices that transfer the heat from the water in the pipes into the structure\u2019s individual boiler. When
\nthe heat has been transferred, the water passes into a return line, and is taken into the power plant and
\nreheated. Thus the district heating supply water circulates endlessly in a closed pipeline.
\n2
\nThe common medium used for heat distribution is water, but steam can also be also used. The
\nadvantage of steam is that in addition to heating purposes, it can be used in industrial processes due to
\nits higher temperature. The disadvantage of steam is a higher heat loss due to the high temperature.
\nThe system is efficient and robust. Very little heat is lost in transit. The pipes consist of steel piping, an
\ninsulation layer and an outer casing. Minor power outages have little to no effect on the large District
\nHeating system; however, even short outages can cause individual boilers to fail.
\nDistrict heating is a system that works. In Denmark, district heating covers more than 60% of space
\nheating and water heating. In Finland, district heating accounts for about 50 per cent of the total heating
\nmarket. Over 90 per cent of apartment blocks, more than half of all terraced houses, and the bulk of
\npublic buildings and business premises, are connected to a district heating network.
\nBenefits to the communities served by district heating have included avoided costs of energy, and
\nreduced investment in individual household or building heating equipment. However, District heating is
\na long-term commitment that fits poorly with a focus on short-term returns on investment. The systems
\nare expensive to install.<\/p>\n
Abridged from the articles below:
\n\uf0b7 District Heating, retrieved February 2009, from Wikipedia.org, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/District_heating
\n\uf0b7 Enwave District Hearting, retrieved October 2009 from Enwave.com, http:\/\/www.enwave.com\/heating.php
\n3
\nExpanded Definition Outlining Worksheet
\nStep 1: Read the article.
\nStep 2: Draw a picture of a district heating system.
\nStep 3: Outline
\nIntroduction Outline
\nFormal Sentence Definition:
\nEtymology\/History\/Background:
\nIntroductory Paragraph
\n4
\nParts Analysis Outline
\nDetermine the parts involved in a district heating system.
\nTips
\n\uf0b7 Choose an order of description (front to back; outside to inside; north to south).
\n\uf0b7 Explain how these parts fit together in space.
\n\uf0b7 Describe the physical characteristics of the parts themselves.
\n\uf0b7 Avoid explaining how the parts function.
\nParts Analysis Paragraph
\nWrite a Parts Analysis paragraph.
\nTip
\n\uf0b7 Begin by writing a topic sentence.
\n5
\nOperating Principles Outline
\nWrite an outline of the steps.
\nTips
\n\uf0b7 Start by listing the steps in chronological order.
\n\uf0b7 Double check to ensure that that the steps are written on logical order and that no steps are missing.
\nOperating Principles Paragraph
\nWrite an Operating Principles paragraph.
\nTip
\n\uf0b7 Use \u201ctime\u201d transition words to guide the reader through the sequence.
\n6
\nChoose from Examples, Required Materials\/Conditions, or Comparison or Contrast.
\nExamples
\n\uf0b7 Can you classify the examples?
\n\uf0b7 Remember to include technical detail.
\nRequired Materials\/Conditions
\n\uf0b7 What, other than its parts, is required for the technology to function?
\n\uf0b7 What do these required materials\/condition contribute to the technology?
\nComparison or Contrast
\nTips
\n\uf0b7 To what will you compare\/contrast?
\n\uf0b7 What will this comparison or contrast illuminate about the technology?
\n\uf0b7 Will it be a comparison or a contrast?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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