Political science Research Paper #3: FOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS<\/p>\n
1. President Donald J. Trump will address the United Nations General Assembly’s (UNGA) 193 member nations at the official opening on September 25, 2018 and the next day chair a Security Council meeting focusing on Iran, nonproliferation, and chemical weapons attacks in Syria and Britain. You are requiredto watch and\/or read the entirety of President’s speech at the UNGA (The speech will also be uploaded in the “Course Handout” folder on Blackboard as soon as it’s released).
\n2. Review the following notes:
\nSticks: Military Tools
\n\u2022 Realist perspective: States must secure their interests by military power
\n\u2022 International anarchy creates need for self-help state actions
\n\u2022 Include threat of force, military aid or assistance, sharing intelligence, alliances, military research and technological innovations
\n\u2022 Weapons systems can deter enemies
\n\u2022 Note: Spending scarce national resources on military equipment does not guarantee safety
\n\u2022 Liberal perspective also recognizes utility of force and threats of force
\n\u2022 Economic sticks include product or economic boycotts, trade embargoes, sanctions, and punitive tariffs
\nCarrots: Development Assistance
\n\u2022 At least five kinds of economic assistance
\n\u2022 Project aid for a specific item
\n\u2022 Program aid
\n\u2022 Technical assistance
\n\u2022 Humanitarian or disaster assistance
\n\u2022 Military or security aid to allies or partners in programs
\n\u2022 Two main kinds of development assistance
\n\u2022 Bilateral: Directly to another country
\n\u2022 Multilateral: Indirectly to global institutions (World Bank, AIIB)
\nSermons: Diplomacy
\n\u2022 Convincing without the use of force
\n\u2022 Often called a lost art
\n\u2022 Plays a critical role in the preservation of peace and world order
\n\u2022 Undermined by effects of globalization
\n\u2022 Advanced communications, summits, demands of modern media
\n\u2022 Increasing importance of international and regional organizations
\nPublic Diplomacy
\n\u2022 An important foreign policy tool
\n\u2022 Once called propaganda
\n\u2022 Educational, cultural, and informational programs are important sources of power
\n\u2022 Countries can provide funds for educational exchanges (e.g., U.S. Fulbright Program)
\n\u2022 Concerts, book tours, movies, and art exhibits
\n\u2022 Efforts to promote their values and the cultural attributes of their society
\nPublic Diplomacy: Using the News Media
\nFour Important Functions
\n\u2022 Communication between and among actors
\n\u2022 Negotiation
\n\u2022 Participation in regional and international organizations
\n\u2022 Promotion of trade and other economic interests
\n\u2022 New, global challenges require cooperation between states\u2019 diplomats and nonstate actors
\n\u2022 Small and middle powers tend to value diplomacy
\nWhat Is Foreign Policy?
\n\u25aa Foreign policy: Articulation of national interests and the means chosen to secure those interests
\n\u25aa Material interests: Tangible; may be trade agreements, energy resources, control over strategic territory
\n\u25aa Ideal interests: Intangible; promotion of values, norms, and policy ideas that enhance the security and prosperity of a nation-state
\nWhat Do We Expect From Foreign Policy?
\n\u2022 Protecting citizens
\n\u2022 Projecting an image or identity in the international system
\n\u2022 Maintaining the status quo, creating and maintaining a stable world order
\n\u2022 Advancing prosperity
\n\u2022 Assisting in leadership decisions regarding international actions
\n\u2022 Providing support for international negotiations on stable world order
\n\u2022 Protecting the global commons (e.g., oceans) and providing global public goods (e.g., clean air)
\nForeign Policy Strategies and Tools
\nForeign Policy Strategies Are…
\n\u2022 Organized statements of goals and beliefs and the methods countries intend to employ to achieve those goals
\n\u2022 Foreign Policy Doctrine: Provides a guide to follow when creating strategies and determining national priorities
\n\u2022 Strategy: Guides decisions on resource allocation to secure both long- and short-term goals
\n\u2022 A clearly articulated doctrine is useful for preparing the public for future encounters and for the potential costs of future activities
\nDomestic Sources: National Attributes
\n\u2022 History; traditions; and political, economic, cultural, and social structures
\n\u2022 More permanent elements like geographic location and resource base
\n\u2022 Changing elements such as military power, economic wealth, demographics
\n\u2022 Domestic politics or electoral calculations
\n\u2022 Role of bureaucracies in the policy process: Unelected civil servants can influence outcomes
\nSystem Factors
\n\u2022 Treaties, alliances, and trade conventions provide order
\n\u2022 Informal constraints
\n\u2022 Traditions, common goals, shared norms
\n\u2022 Respect for the sovereignty of all states
\n\u2022 Rule of international law
\n\u2022 Reciprocity
\n\u2022 Distribution of power in the system, (e.g., bipolar, multipolar)
\n\u2022 The nature of order (e.g., balance of power, collective security)
\nGlobal Factors
\n\u2022 Can be the outcome of decisions made by individuals, states, or nonstate actors
\n\u2022 May also be the results of natural conditions
\n\u2022 Factors cannot be traced to the actions of any one state or even a group of states
\n\u2022 Usually challenge the ideas of boundaries and sovereignty
\n\u2022 Technological diffusion
\n\u2022 The movement of capital by multinational banks
\n\u2022 Globalized news media
\nNatural factors: Pollution, pandemics, weather patterns
\nPhase One: Articulation Phase
\n\u2022 Information about policy issue disseminated
\n\u2022 Public awareness of an issue increases
\n\u2022 Informed public may pressure elected officials to act on the issue
\n\u2022 Both internal (or formal) and external (or informal) actors may push a particular position and pressure political leaders
\n\u2022 Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
\n\u2022 Individuals
\n\u2022 Research institutes
\n\u2022 New Technologies: Citizen involvement also now transcends borders
\n\u2022 Global and domestic actors also have an impact on policymakers in authoritarian or nondemocratic states
\nPhase Two: Policy Formulation
\n\u2022 Parliaments, executive offices, ministries, and bureaucratic agencies develop a policy
\n\u2022 Specialists inside and outside of government
\n\u2022 Original intention often loaded with other priorities
\n\u2022 Reelection
\n\u2022 Bureaucracy to gain more power and more resources
\n\u2022 In non-crisis situations, foreign policy is formulated much like domestic policy
\n\u2022 Legislatures
\n\u2022 Executive agencies, ministries, and departments
\n\u2022 Interest communities
\nIn crisis situations, foreign policy handled by a smaller group
\nPhase Three: Policy Implementation
\n\u2022 Unilateral: Department or ministry is usually assigned to policy
\n\u2022 Countries often form coalitions with local communities, nongovernmental organizations, and other aid agencies
\n\u2022 Funds are not always spent on intended projects and they are often not spent at all
\n\u2022 Corruption, project delays, new priorities, and leadership changes often get in the way of intended consequences
\nPhase Four: Policy Evaluation
\n\u2022 Rare step
\n\u2022 Review provision might be built into the program, role of the administrators
\n\u2022 News media may focus on policy outcomes
\n\u2022 All interested parties will have a position and will try to influence future decisions in this policy area
\n\u2022 Public and private actors involved in the previous phases of the policy process will be involved in the evaluation of policy outcomes
\nForeign Policy Styles and Traditions
\n\u2022 Factors: Size of country, resource base, population
\n\u2022 Style is often the result of history of interactions
\n\u2022 Tradition includes national beliefs about how the world works and what leaders must do to secure their national interests
\nPreservative Strategy
\n\uf0a7 States that were once global leaders or hegemonic powers
\n\uf0a7 Seek policies aimed at preserving their power and status in the international system
\n\uf0a7 E.g.,: United Kingdom and France
\n\uf0a7 Policies include:
\nTaking a leadership role in international and regional organizations
\nIdentifying emerging issues and taking the lead in responding to these challenges
\nPromotive Foreign Policy
\n\uf0a7 The most powerful states seek to retain (or increase) their power and authority
\nE.g. USA and USSR:
\nPromoted their views, values, and interests after the Second World War as they competed around the globe
\n\uf0a7 United States after the Cold War: New World Order
\nIntransigent (?) Foreign Policy
\n\uf0a7 Believe that the existing international system is unfair, oppressive, violent, and alienating
\n\uf0a7 Seek to transform the international system
\n\uf0a7 Do not accept the \u201crules of the game\u201d
\n\uf0a7 Examples:
\n1960s and 1970s: Nonaligned Movement (NAM)
\nToday: North Korea, Iran<\/p>\n
4. Write a “foreign policy analysis” essay of no more than 800 words that clearly addresses the following:
\n(a) Identify at least TWO policy statements contained in the President’s speech and discuss whether or which one of these statements could be characterized as as “stick”, “carrot”, and\/or “sermons” foreign policy strategies.
\n(b) Speculate on the factor(s) that may have influenced the adoption by the President\/United States of the foreign policy items\/statements you identified;
\n(c) Which “level of analysis” best explains ONE of the policies you have identified?
\n(d) To the best of your knowledge, do the two policies you identified qualify to be characterized as “acquiescent”,”preservative”, or “promotive” foreign policy strategy? Provide justification for your answer.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Political science Research Paper #3: FOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS 1. President Donald J. Trump will address the United Nations General Assembly’s (UNGA) 193 member nations at the official opening on September 25, 2018 and the next day chair a Security Council Read More …<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-427380","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benedictsol.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/427380","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benedictsol.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benedictsol.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benedictsol.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benedictsol.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=427380"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.benedictsol.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/427380\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benedictsol.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=427380"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benedictsol.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=427380"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benedictsol.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=427380"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}