How did Weber differ from Marx<\/p>\n
9- What concerns did Durkheim have about society? How was his view on conflict different from Marx\u2019s view on conflict?
chapter 1<\/p>\n
sociology: study of human society
\u2013 looks at patterns of interaction between individuals; individuals and groups; between different groups<\/p>\n
two (of many) ways to make divisions within sociology (distinction of micro \/ macro)
\u2013 macro: larger societal context
\u2014 social structures & how they are related to each other
\u2013 micro: within very small groups; can even be thought of as intra individual
\u2014 relationships between individuals & social structures<\/p>\n
sociological thinking: analyzing our own assumptions about society; question those things we feel are \u2018natural\u2019 \u2013 not to be questioned<\/p>\n
sociological imagination \u2013 C. Wright Mills
\u2013 if we want to fully understand our individual circumstances (personal troubles), we must see and understand the connections between our \u2018ordinary,\u2019 day to day lives and larger society (i.e. historical (including current issues such as the state of the economy) and cultural issues)
\u2013 to see the connection between personal and the larger society, it is important to acknowledge that humans are born into a pre-existing society
\u2014 this pre-existing society has expected roles<\/p>\n
[roles: behaviors expected from a particular status (at this point the term \u2018roles is being used to refer to both the behaviors and the<\/p>\n
importance of social structure: roles that we think are individual, are actually imbedded within a social framework that includes multiple roles and social networks
\u2013 seemingly individual roles are imbedded within a framework of multiple roles and social networks
\u2013 therefore when a person is born, they are born into existing social networks
\u2014 we are born into a system with pre-defined statuses and roles; we are expected to fit within this system<\/p>\n
Sociological Imagination (making the familiar strange)
\u2013 personal troubles (individual situations)
\u2013 public issues (larger society)
\u2013 what may appear personal is impacted by the public sphere (larger society)
\u2013 awareness allows greater understanding of links between individual situations and our social structure<\/p>\n
social institution: one of numerous components of a society
\u2013 these institutions are interdependent with one another
\u2013 institutions\u2019 existence transcends name, time, location, individuals involved (that is, an institution can change its name, exist over several generations, move and continue to exist when people enter into and exit it)
\u2013 institutions replicate themselves (not always exactly; the institution of education has been replicated in our society; but, the concerns of education have changed with new technology)
\u2013 institutions shape the behavior of individuals \/ groups that are a part of it<\/p>\n
social identity: who we think ourselves to be, socially, impacted by groups we associate with<\/p>\n
history of sociology<\/p>\n
Auguste Comte \u2013 founder of what he called \u2018social physics\u2019 or \u2018positivism\u2019 \u2013 felt that sociology would become like physics \u2013 that absolute laws would be identified
\u2013 positivist sociology: attempts to reveal the social facts that affect social life by developing and testing hypotheses based on theories about how the social world works
\u2013 to understand society need to use logic, scientific laws
\u2013 this perspective not held by many sociologists today<\/p>\n
Harriet Martineau \u2013 known for both translating the work of Comte, and for being a scholar herself<\/p>\n
Karl Marx: set of complex theories
\u2013 historical materialism \u2013 the economy is the most important institution in a society; class conflict is behind all change; conflict is good because it brings about needed change
\u2013 wrote about what he saw \u2013 Industrial Revolution
\u2014 inequality \/ exploitation
\u2014 2 and only 2 classes (bourgeoisie: those who own the means of production \/ proletariat: those who sell their labor for subsistence wages)
\u2013 conflict is the basis of change (Marx considered \u2018father\u2019 of power\/conflict paradigm)
\u2014 conflict \u2013 resolution \u2013 social change
\u2013 most important factor in society: economy
\u2013 \u2018father\u2019 of power conflict paradigm<\/p>\n
Max Weber<\/p>\n
\u2013 agreed with Marx that the economy is important, but felt that prestige and power were also important
\u2013 emphasis on subjectivity (pre-curser to interpretive sociology)
\u2013 sociologists should be objective, value-free
\u2013 important to know patterns of behavior
\u2014 more important to know the subjective meanings attached to behavior
\u2014 ex: pattern of high divorce \/ important to consider how the meaning of marriage has changed
\u2013 proposed that capitalism emerged from early Protestant religious values of self-discipline, thrift, individualism
\u2013 proposed concept of \u2018ideal type\u2019 \u2013 not as what should be, but as a standard to measure<\/p>\n
Emile Durkheim \u2013 associated with positivist sociology and structural functionalism (added to Comte\u2019s idea of positivism)
\u2013 concern: order, stability in society (order, stability are important)
\u2013 concerned with \u2018glue\u2019 of society, solidarity
\u2014 type of cohesion, \u2018glue\u2019 of society impacts how different societies work (such as division of labor)
\u2013 individuals are constrained by the moral standards of socializing community
\u2014 confines our behavior
\u2014 &allows a feeling of \u2018belonging\u2019
\u2013 all parts of society are interconnected
\u2014 a change in one part effects changes in other parts
\u2013 \u2018father\u2019 of structural \u2013 functionalist perspective
\u2014 contrary to Marx, conflict is not good \u2013 not good is society is unstable
\u2014 if there is change, it should be gradual so that society is not made unstable<\/p>\n
Georg Simmel \u2014 formal sociology, or a sociology of pure numbers (for instance, how a group of two is different than a group of three)<\/p>\n
4 paradigms (lenses) to study society
\u2013 structural functionalist \u2013 macro (larger societal concept)
\u2013 power conflict \u2013 macro (larger societal concept)
\u2013 symbolicinteractionist \u2013 micro (more intimate)
\u2013 feminist theory<\/p>\n
structural functionalism (macro)
\u2013 concerns: social organization & how it\u2019s maintained
\u2014 society inter-related parts
\u2014 some parts are functional, others dysfunctional (what are the patterns in society? which are functional or dysfunctional?)
\u2014 \u2014 functional: positive impact on society
\u2013 assumptions: stability, harmony, slow evolution
\u2013 supports status quo
\u2013 avoid conflict
\u2013 if there is change, it should be slow so not to make society unstable<\/p>\n
power conflict (macro)
\u2013 concern: stress & conflict in society
\u2014 what groups, individuals have access to power, resources (result in inequalities) asks the question: who benefits? (those who benefit work to maintain status quo & their position within status quo)
\u2013 assumptions: competition, structural inequalities, social change from conflict<\/p>\n
symbolic interactionism (micro)
\u2013 symbolic: importance of symbols, subjective meanings
\u2014 humans concerned with subjective meanings associated with actions, interactions
\u2013 interactionism: through interaction we determine how symbols are created, maintained, negotiated
\u2013 assumptions:
\u2014 importance of symbolic meanings (specific behaviors, gestures, words can be interpreted differently due to differing meanings\/symbols various groups put on them)
\u2014 meanings grow out of relationships (are not arbitrary); if relationships change, meanings may change
\u2014 meanings are negotiated
\u2013 asks: how do individuals & social structures shape each other?<\/p>\n
feminist \u2013 specifically concerned with how the world is experienced differently according to being male or female (in general, acknowledging that throughout history, women have been pretty much ignored, or, at least, not given priority)
\u2013 assumption that males and females are perceived of as \u2013 and treated as \u2013 they are fundementally different (and that research, etc has considered the male model as the only valid one)
\u2014 therefore acknowledge that women\u2019s experiences are valid and should be looked at separately from men\u2019s experiences
\u2013 a lot in common with power conflict perspective (importance of power, competition, conflict and political reform)
\u2014 focus on inequalities based on gender<\/p>\n
Interchangeable \u2018lenses\u2019
\u2013 none of 4 paradigms can fully understand, explain, predict all societal aspects
\u2013 exploring a social issue from at least 2 of these paradigms enriches our understanding of that issue<\/p>\n
history of sociology in US<\/p>\n
Charles Horton Cooley (Looking Glass Self)
George Herbert Mead (generalized other)
W.I. Thomas (definition of the situation)
W.E.B. DuBois (double consciousness)
Jane Addams (Hull House \u2013 applied and tested Chicago School ideas)<\/p>\n
influence from the \u2018Chicago school\u2019 \u2013 focus on empirical research; belief that the behavior and personalities of individuals are shaped by our social and physical environments<\/p>\n
Sociology and Its Cousins
\u2013 Sociology focuses on making comparisons across cases to find patterns and create hypotheses about how societies work now or how they worked in the past
\u2013 Sociology looks at how individuals interact with one another as well as at how groups, small and large, interact with one another.
\u2013 Distinctions are important, but a lot of overlap exists between the work done in different academic disciplines<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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